Altitude sickness, also known as acute mountain sickness (AMS), occurs when individuals ascend to high altitudes too quickly, resulting in symptoms such as headaches, nausea, dizziness, and fatigue. If left untreated, it can progress to more severe forms, including high-altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE) or high-altitude cerebral oedema (HACE).
Prevention and initial steps
Preventing altitude sickness is the best approach, but if symptoms develop, early intervention is crucial:
- Gradual ascent: The most effective way to prevent altitude sickness is by ascending slowly, allowing the body time to acclimatise. Ideally, individuals should avoid ascending more than 300-500 metres per day once above 2,500 metres.
- Hydration: Drinking plenty of water helps maintain hydration and reduce the risk of symptoms.
- Rest: Limiting physical activity during the first few days at high altitudes is essential for acclimatisation.
- Avoid alcohol: Alcohol can exacerbate dehydration and worsen symptoms.
Emergency treatment
If symptoms worsen or develop into HAPE or HACE, emergency treatment is required:
- Immediate descent: The most effective treatment for severe altitude sickness is to descend to a lower altitude as soon as possible.
- Supplemental oxygen: In more serious cases, providing oxygen can help alleviate symptoms and stabilise the patient.
- Portable hyperbaric chambers: These are used in emergencies to simulate lower altitudes and relieve symptoms.
Medications
In some cases, medications can help alleviate symptoms or prevent altitude sickness:
- Acetazolamide (Diamox): This is the most commonly used medication to prevent and treat altitude sickness. It helps the body acclimatise by speeding up breathing and improving oxygen intake.
- Ibuprofen or paracetamol: These can be used to manage headaches and discomfort.
- Anti-nausea drugs: Medications such as promethazine can be used to treat nausea associated with altitude sickness.
Long-term prevention
Plan trips to high altitudes carefully, allowing adequate time for acclimatisation.
- Consider using medications like acetazolamide if prone to altitude sickness.
- Monitor symptoms closely and respond quickly if they worsen.
By managing ascent and taking preventive measures, altitude sickness can often be avoided or effectively treated.